Kfc’s Explosive Growth in China Essay

Kentucky fried Chicken (KFC) has achieved another milestone in delivery. The explosive growth in Asian region most particularly in their current trends in China that KFC fried chicken, burger and fries is gaining its way to superstardom. In China, Yum! Brands is opening a KFC store every day. But this is not the KFC you know in America. A recent case study written by professor David Bell and Agribusiness Program director Mary Shelman reveals how the chicken giant adapted its famous fast-food formula for the local market. Key concepts include: – In China, KFC’s strategy was to be part of the local community, not be seen as a foreign presence. (Su, 2011) – China division chairman and CEO Sam Su combined the best ideas from the US fast-food model and adapted them to serve the needs of the Chinese consumer. – Only a small number of menu items would be familiar to Western visitors—the Chinese KFC offerings include fried dough sticks, egg tarts, and foods tailored to the tastes of specific regions within the country. – To counter concerns about fast food and obesity, Su offered a healthier menu and supports exercise and youth events. The traditional strategy is the involvement of their culture has largely influence the family ties to consider their food. According to Bell (2011) one key issue the case examines is â€Å"how to implement the rollout of a fast-food chain involving so many stores across such a vast—and regionally different—country.† (Stravish, 2011) When their customers walked into their restaurant they see Chinese customer service. Chinese food and Chinese employees welcome customers and that’s why it becomes easy for them to initiate interaction. Su’s strategy was that KFC â€Å"would not be seen as a foreign presence but as part of the local community â€Å"There is no room for ego,† (Su, 2011) â€Å"China doesn’t have the same culture of individualism that is present in the United States.† (Su, 2011) Along with being smart, driven and great entrepreneur, Su hired the right people. For Su, this meant employees who read and spoke the language , who understood the restaurant business and Chinese consumer, and also experience on doing business in the Western way. Trained labor is a very valuable asset even in a land of 1.3 billion-plus people. (Stravish, 2011) The large conflicting crowd should have one idea about the taste and preference as much as possible they have outperformed the number one fast food chain, which is McDonald. Sam Su also consider diversification of food items so that they can cater to a wider customer range especially those  people who are healthy conscious about their body, they offer fat free food and vegetables menu to their customers that attract and re-invent even more heterogeneous customer demand. The wide variety of choices can help the customers to make healthy options and balance diet, their strategy also involve presenting their choices. They have also practice sponsorship and promotion about healthy living in 2010 that has become another successful endeavor on their part that various exercises has been promoted inside the stores and customers are free to join, they have gathered at least 260,000 customer participants in 438 key cities. Their promotion has been very successful that makes their store even more popular. (Starvish, 2011) KFC and China has become a Yum Republic. It is certain that globalization not only helps KFC profits, but it’s international, which benefits China and the consumers. Additionally some of their popular food sisters company includes Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, Long John Silver and A&W All American Food. I believe globalization happens to be great for the country and the overall market economy because it promotes prosperity to participating countries. All that we need to do is educate people on multiculturalism and diversity within the work place, as well as the sensitivity of culture within participating countries. Opportunity costs, trade terms, balance trades, comparative advantages, changes in consumption and production, and how much cheaper it is to purchase than to produce are some benefits to globalization. The greater interdependence that globalization is causing means an increasingly freer flow of goods, services, money, people, and idea across national borders. (Wild&Wild, 6th ed, pg 6) Su has done a great job on hiring employees that know the language, understand the business and Chinese customers, and also having experience on doing business the Western way. Because of technological changes, continuous development and research, the market economy remains to be dynamic. Reference: Starvish. (2011). KFC’s Explosive Growth in China. HBS Cases. Retrieved from http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6704.html Wild&Wild. International business: the challenges of globalization/ John J. Wild, Kenneth L. Wild- 6th ed.

Compare and contrast Blake and Wordsworth’s view of London Essay

The poets Blake and Wordsworth both wrote poems about England’s capital city, London. The poets themselves each came from different backgrounds which may have influenced their view of London. Wordsworth was born and brought up in the Lake District and spent the majority of his life there, which may have led him to concentrate on the natural features of London. In contrast Blake was more aware of the industry and poverty of the capital City. He had lived all his life in London, receiving little formal schooling and even witnessing the death of his brother from consumption. Wordsworth’s poem â€Å"Composed upon Westminster Bridge† presents a calm and relaxed view looking across the water and the city. He writes about what he sees and views London as a majestic royal palace. Wordsworth reflects upon his subject with deep felt emotion, seeing it as a spiritual place of peace. â€Å"Dull would be the soul who could pass by, a sight so touching in its majesty†. He describes a special morning when the city seems to be asleep and is in awe of the tranquillity â€Å"never saw I, never felt, a calm so deep!†. Wordsworth is therefore commenting on the natural beauty that he sees rather than the daily life behind this scene. In contrast Blake’s poem is entitled â€Å"London†. Talking directly about the city itself it is the account of a person walking down the street saying what he sees. He is more concerned with the people who make up the City. Instead of seeing beauty he sees pain in the emotions of the people he meets. â€Å"In every cry of every man†. Blake concentrates on the oppression and poverty of the city. He blames the Church and authorities for their lack of attention and care for the people of London. â€Å"Every blackening Church appals†. The tone of the poem shows a lack of awareness; some safe inside while pain goes on outside, â€Å"and the hapless soldier’s sigh runs in blood down Palace walls†. In keeping with this pessimistic view, Blake’s poem is structured in a methodical and measured tone. It is written to a steady beat in four stanzas. This has the feel of a walking pace as he wanders around the city viewing its misery. Blake uses repetition to emphasise his point â€Å"in every cry, in every voice†. It is a formal bleak approach giving the bare facts as he sees them. Wordsworth’s poem is altogether more flamboyant. As a ‘romantic’ poet he writes this poem in the form of a sonnet. This style is mainly used in ‘love’ poetry. This structure emphasises the way Wordsworth concentrates on the physical aspects Wordsworth views around him. One line flows into another in an informal way. It is descriptive and reflective but does not attempt to look beyond the outward appearance â€Å"all bright and glittering in the smokeless air†. Wordsworth as a rich man, the son of a lawyer, views London on face value. He looks down upon the city from his lofty position unaware of the poverty below. His tone is full of grandeur â€Å"earth has not anything to show more fair†. He feels moved in his spirit and in harmony with his environment. Wordsworth’s tone is full of wonder, focusing on the magnificent buildings and seeing the city itself as a living being full of emotion. Blake expresses his feelings of frustration and sadness. He describes â€Å"chartered† streets and â€Å"chartered† Thames, which emphasises how everything has been taken over and oppressed. He comes from a lower middle class background; the son of a hosier and the tone of this poem expresses his awareness of the poverty around him â€Å"marks of weakness, marks of woes†. This sadness turns to aggression as the poem proceeds, criticising the Church and even the corruption of marriage. â€Å"And blights with plagues the marriage hearse†. There is a hopelessness and desperation expressed within this poem. Blake refers to â€Å"mind-forged manacles†, the metaphorical chains in which the people’s minds are held. This is typical of the negative images used throughout. The one beat rhythm and child-like tone emphasises the steady march towards an inescapable fate. This language underlines the lack of control which people have, their lives grinding out a pre-set pattern. Everything is â€Å"owned† – each chartered street. Even the Church is â€Å"blackening†, sinful, cruel, with a lack of purity and care. The oxymoron â€Å"marriage hearse† shows the conflict within society – the hypocrisy of marriage whilst poverty encourages prostitution to flourish â€Å"the youthful harlot’s curse†. The words are stark and shocking, exaggerating the problem to gain our attention â€Å"blasts the new-born infant’s tear†. The language used by Wordsworth is full of splendour â€Å"never did the sun more beautifully steep†. He paints pictures with his words, using the images of the â€Å"shining sun†, the â€Å"gliding river† the â€Å"beauty of the morning†. He extends a simile of the city by personifying it as clothed in sleep. â€Å"The city now doth like a garment where the beauty of the morning, silent, bare†. Wordsworth creates a feeling of awe and wonder at the beauty of creation. He uses the metaphor of the city like a â€Å"mighty heart lying still†. The sounds evoked by Wordsworth poem are very peaceful and calm â€Å"the river glideth†, â€Å"the morning silent†. In contrast Blake uses sharp sounds which are onomatopoeic in nature – â€Å"blasts†, â€Å"curse†, â€Å"cry†. He uses a strong heavy rhythm emotive of the oppression felt with repetitive force â€Å"and mark in every face I meet, marks of weakness, marks of woe†. The tone of Wordsworth’s poem is soft and lilting â€Å"a sight so touching†, â€Å"a calm so deep†. This is set against the harsh cry of Blake’s London. The approach used by these two writers promotes a different response from the reader. Wordsworth’s flowery imagery encourages a warm view of London. He is optimistic in his approach, concentrating as he does upon the immediate sights and sounds of a peaceful morning scene. Blake however conjures up a feeling of misery for the plight of the people of London locked in a prison of poverty which he blames on the â€Å"establishment† who have no care for their situation. Blake concentrates on social injustice, perhaps borne out of his own upbringing, whilst Wordsworth seems unaware of anything but the natural beauty of the environment and not its inhabitants. Two seemingly different views of one city seen from varying perspectives.

Consumer Protection And Consumerism Of India Essay

CONSUMER PROTECTION AND CONSUMERISM Jitender Rubee Devi M.COM,M.A(ECONOMIC) ,PGDJMC M.COM ABSTRACT consumerism in India is as old as trade and commerce. In Kautilya’s Arthshastra there are references to the concept of consumer protection against exploitation such as through the manipulation of weights and measures and adulteration. But the process of development with increasing liberalisation and globalization across the country has enabled consumers to realize their increasingly important role in society and governance. Today the consumer is not only the heart of marketing but also the controller of marketing functions. However, concentration of the market power in the hands of a select few has affected consumers’ behavior over the time. In a developing country like India where the incidence of poverty and unemployment is very high and the level of literacy is very low, the people face a volume of problems, particularly in the context of consumer related issues. Unlike in the developed world, consumers in these countries have not been able to play a greate r role in the development process. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986, is one of the examples that is to be treated as a milestone in the history of socio-economic legislation to protect the interests of the consumers in India. In this paper an analysis has been to explore the consumer protection and consumerism in India. KEYWORDS: Consumer Protection, Consumerism,Show MoreRelatedâ€Å"Marketing, Consumerism, Materialism and Ethics: the Modern Marketing Conundrum†4276 Words   |  18 PagesINTRODUCTION Gone are the days when â€Å"buyer beware† was the trend. The sellers used to dictate their terms as the competition was less. But after the Liberalization, Globalizations and Privatization in 1991, more companies entered into India. This changed the situation form â€Å"Buyer’s beware† to â€Å"Sellers beware†. It became more difficult for the companies to sustain in the cut throat competition. 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Transgender Rights Essay - 927 Words

Transgender students and adults are often treated differently, only because they were born one gender, but felt like they were not meant to be, so they decide to be trans. Transgender students, adults, or anyone that is trans should have all rights that a non-trans person will have. Everyone deserves equal rights, whether they are trans or not. If non-trans people are protected at schools so should trans students. When it comes to washroom use they should be allowed in the one they want to go in without being stopped. Everyone deserves to be treated with respect and be treated the same as everyone else on this Earth. Stephanie Mott in the magazine â€Å"They Are Not Transgender Rights† explains how humans should not have to hide who they†¦show more content†¦Every school should have a protection system for trans students. This action will help trans students be treated the same as non-trans students. John E Desrochers in the academic journal â€Å"Transgender Stude nts† shows projects like â€Å"safe schools† will help trans students be more confident and comfortable, â€Å"Safe Schools for Transgender and Gender Diverse Students†. Being trans in schools is tough because children constantly get bullied, which makes them feel left out. Desrochers describes when teachers work with students and their schools, it helps students feel like they are a part of the school, â€Å"We are supposed to work with our schools to ensure that they are safe places for all of our students. I learned a little more about what this might entail by reading these articles about transgender students. I hope you find them as enlightening as I did†. Teachers working with their school is a great idea. It is a great idea because it helps students be who they are and not someone fake. Desrochers, explains that thousands of people are indeed excited for this project, which shows people need to have this programs in multitude of other schools, †Å"There is so much optimism and excitement generated by the convention: dynamic speakers, inspirational award recipients, and just the good spirits generated by thousands of energetic school psychologists gathered in one place--and the excitement extends on through our coverage of those events†. HumansShow MoreRelatedTransgender Rights in America Essay874 Words   |  4 PagesHumans have established their own rights in society for many, many years now. However, because some humans differ from the norms that are built in society, they are shunned and denied their rights until they conform to society’s norms. There has been numerous groups of people who have been denied their rights in America. African Americans, immigrants, Native Americans, and gays have been isolated simply because that is the way that they were born into this world and others do not find them â€Å"normal†Read MoreThe World Of Athletics Has Been Built Around A Binary View1634 Words   |  7 Pagesgetting stuck in the middle. There is a growing social acceptance of transgender and intersex individuals in society, however, when it comes to sport these individuals are often left isolated on an island of controversy. The majority of this controversy surrounds the debate of whether or not transgender and intersex females should be allowed to compete in women’s sports. Society does not have a problem with the integration of transgender and intersex athletes in male sports because, due to biologicalRead MoreComparing Intersex And Transgender Females Deserve A Place Of Belonging1398 Words   |  6 PagesIntersex and transgender females deserve a place of belonging in the world of sport. 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The Money Doctor - 1984 Words

1. Is â€Å"The Money Doctors† a partnership, and if so, who are the partners? Main Issue: To identify if â€Å"The Money Doctors† is a partnership and if so, who are the partners of the business. Relevant Law: Partnership is the relation which subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with a view of profit. There are four conditions in which all must be satisfy are the followings: Agreement Partnership relationship may be formed by deed, in writing, verbally and lastly by inference from the conduct of the parties. In Canny Gabriel Castle Jackson Advertising Pty Ltd V Volume Sales (Finance) Pty Ltd [1974] HCA 22; (1974) 131 CLR 321 where the court held that a partnership existed on four factors which were parties joined in a†¦show more content†¦Prima facie Partnership State of agency Evidence found in the case that the existence of mutual rights and obligations between the partners together with the right to say in the management of business (all three partners must agree on major decision related to the firm). Sharing of profit and losses Joe, Shmo and Moe contributed capital to establish the firm which signaled the intent of sharing of profits and losses. Intention of the parties In this case, the intention of Joe, Shmo and Moe was to start up financial advisory services in Boyup Brook. [S 8 (1)] The intention for acquisition of building (through capital) was for business operation and therefore it proved that partnership between Joe, Shmo and Moe exists. [S 8 (4)] In this case, the $50,000 loan which Flo provides for the establishment of â€Å"The Money Doctors† were said to be repaid via profits made by the firm. [S 8 (5)] Flo was employed by â€Å"The Money Doctors† as an office manager on a salary of $45,000 per annum. In accordance with the evidence stated on Partnership Act 1895 (WA) S 8 (4), (5), Flo will not be liable as a partner of â€Å"The Money Doctors†. Conclusion In accordance with Partnership Act 1895 (WA) S 7, S 8 (1), â€Å"The Money Doctors† is a partnership and the partners are Joe, Shmo and Moe. 2. Who is liable for the contract with ECO? MainShow MoreRelatedHow Much Money Do Doctors Make? Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesHOW MUCH MONEY DO DOCTORS MAKE? One of the best-paying careers as at present time is Medicine. As one becomes a doctor they are initiated into the world that has consistent pay that is also very attractive. If you want a life that is comfortable or even more comfortable, being a medical practitioner is a good place to consider. Just remember passion and brains are the most basic ingredients for success in this field. There are various types of doctors depending on their specialty and every pay rangeRead MoreSaskatchewan doctor shortages: Humanism vs. Structuralism1654 Words   |  7 PagesGovernment more recently has thrown money at the problem. Believing that money can solve any problem. The ministry of health consulted with physicians and health care stakeholders to create initiates to help attract more physicians to Saskatchewan (â€Å"Physician Recruitment,†2010). The government signed new contracts with emergency rooms doctors in hope that higher salaries will help recruit more physicians (â€Å"Saskatchewan ER,† 2013). The expected salaries range from about 300,000 to 400,0000 yearlyRead MoreWhy Famous Athletes Should Not Be Paid?872 Words   |  4 Pages There are various athletes around the world that receives a huge amount of money. Compared to other professions, famous athletes make a lot more than doctors, engineers, scientists and many more. High class athletes make up to sixty three to four hundred million dollars a year compared to high class doctors who are saving lives everyday or soldiers who fight for their countries everyday, putting their lives on the line. Whether it is putting a ball inside a hoop or ball behind the net, athletesRead MoreEssay about Forms of Healing in Ancient Times1518 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationships between doctors and patients have evolved, along with the way medicine is defined and practiced. Specifically I would like to focus on forms of payment and their effect on the doctor-patient relationship and how payment and the practice of medicine have changed over time. These changes led to a healer-patient relationship that was not as personal as it was in the time of Galen. Instead of the healer playing the role of a friend helping his neighbor, we find that being a doctor became a formRead MoreVeterans Of The United States1386 Words   |  6 Pagesbut they are over capacity, and some do not give the care the veterans desperately need. The men and woman are only allowed to see the doctors who work for the V.A., or the appointment and the treatment will not be accepted by the insurance. Instead of spending money on new faculties, the government feels that when another country is in trouble, they deserve the money more than their own people. Veterans of the United States are being put on the back burner while the government gives more attentionRead MoreThe Pearl, By John Steinbeck809 Words   |  4 Pagespearl that, hopefully, should bring happiness to his family, but instead the pearl brings the destruction of all he loves. Steinbeck shows the theme that materialism and greed can lead to immoral behavior through the characters of the priest, the doctor, and Kino. Thus, when news sweeps the town that Kino has just found the Pearl of the World innumerable people want to seek Kino out to gain some of his wealth, even the priest! The priest first hears about Kino’s coming of wealth and wonders whatRead MoreComparison of Two Hospital Dramas: Casualty and ER Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesFor example, Casualty has a lack of nurses and doctors, stress, realistic patients with realistic injuries. ER, on the other hand, has patients with, for example gun shot wounds. Now in real life patients wouldnt be rushed in every day with gun shot wounds. This, in my mind, is one of ERs only weaknesses. The two programmes both deal with the same conventions. These are called conventions of hospital dramas. Doctors and nurses in the two programmes both have toRead MoreThe Problem Of The Cancer War1480 Words   |  6 Pagespossibility of developing this uncontrollable disease. This includes scientists, medical doctors, regulators, owners of drug companies, along with their loved ones, meaning that they aren’t immune to cancer (â€Å"Big†). Many people in our society claim that the medical industry, along with the government, is keeping the cure to cancers suppressed. In figure 2 we see a perfect example of how society sees the scientists and doctors involved. This conspiracy has been around for quite some time and it’s mostly becauseRead MoreShould The Government Provide Free Health Care For All Citizens?1575 Words   |  7 Pagesmuch better than how they came. Without money, it is almost impossible to do that. The fact that health care isn’t free for everyone causes problems. Wealthy people being able to afford health care and poor people not are the first and biggest problem that we have today. This is very unfair. Whether a person is rich or poor, they still need the proper treatment and care in order for them to continue living. Being unable to go to the doctor because one cannot afford it is very unfortunateRead MoreCharacter Analysis : An Analysis Of John Steinbecks The Pearl1097 Words   |  5 Pagespearl the doctor tried to take advantage of kino, the doctor had diversity in him to take advantage of kino. The doctor wants money from kino because kino found the pearl of the world, the doctor now wants to treat coyotito and his scorpion wound so he can get money from kino. Then the doctor poisond Coyotito they can come back to the doctor so the doctor can treat coyotito again and even more money. Before the doctor did not want to treat coyotito now because they did not have the money to pay the

Environmentalism and the Treadmill of Production free essay sample

The â€Å"treadmill of production† model (Schnaiberg and Gould 1995) suggests that nature and natural resources will be intensively exploited by economic interests which will resist the imposition of environmental protection for regulations, because it seriously inhibits their operations or reduce their profits and will be supported by political elites dependent on growth and revenue generated by these economic interests. Some of the reasons why states’ policies of building dams are similar: a perceived higher priority on economic development than on environmental conservation by officials and political leaders at all levels. China’s plans to build more hydro-electric hubs have recently sparked a war of words about national priorities. Opponents claim it will tear apart the delicate social and environmental fabric with little benefit to locals, if there is any. They have recently circulated a petition urging the government to release studies of the dams’ environmental impact and allow greater public debate. Chinese conservationists say officials’ reluctance to release the environmental impact studies may conceal moves to revive the dams and stifle debate about controversial projects. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmentalism and the Treadmill of Production or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Conversely, supporters argue that building more dams will bring electricity and jobs to the remote corner of China and therefore have more financial sources for betterment of the environment and that China’s environment can be protected only if the country first spreads economic growth. It is not uncommon that many people think that to really protect the environment in China, the locals must escape from poverty to prosperity. And at present the only viable measure to take is developing hydro-electricity. To me, this is no doubt a difficult case, but I find it hard to accept such a major project without some outside involvement. The â€Å"treadmill of production† model has pointed out that the global economic system and modern development have disempowered the local, threatening and limiting the sustainability, democratic accountability, and autonomy of local development. True enough, China faces hard choices between economic development and environmental protection. But too often, lack of public participation has encouraged officials’ eagerness to make their stamp with large engineering projects while dismissing environmental concerns completely. As discussed by Schnaiberg and Gould, modernism, which aimed to bring about the emancipation of people from their restrictive traditions through science and technology, has created an economic system which has served to disempower people by making them more dependent and vulnerable to a global system which sacrifices the sustainability, self reliance, and democratic possibilities of their locality. China, including governments of other states, ought to rethink the balance between economic growth and environmental protection. Weber perceives modernity as a process of achieving rationality. Yet he also concerns about the â€Å"iron cage† where people are trapped in a larger system of institutions and values that define their situation of individuals in the modern world. He uses â€Å"iron cage† to describe situation of individuals in the modern world. And he points out once capitalism became powerful, it took on a life of its own. The natural environment is falling victim to it as the iron cage becomes more and more almighty.

To what extent Abigails Party a naturalistic play Essay Example

To what extent Abigails Party a naturalistic play Essay ‘Abigail’s Party’ written by Mike Leigh was first performed in 1977. The play appears to have no obvious plot and is set in Lawrence and Beverly’s house. The play opens as Beverly prepares for a drinks party for their neighbours. A married couple, Angela and Tony, are invited, as is Susan. Susan’s daughter Abigail is holding her first teenage party where Susan would not be welcome. As the play progresses tensions increase, particularly between Beverly and Lawrence until at the climax of the play Lawrence has a fatal heart attack. Naturalism is drama devised and presented on the basis that the action is to be believed as if it was something that was really happening. Kanstantin Stanislavski was the first to publish theories on naturalism in 1870s. He developed the fourth wall theory where the actors have no interactions with the audience but simply act to each other. This was a sharp contrast to the popular melodrama at that time where the audience were willing participants. Lee Strasberg developed Stanislavski’s theories in 1940s at The Actors’ Studio in New York. He pioneered method acting ‘ a system of training and rehearsal for actors which bases a performance upon inner emotional experience’ (www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk). Lee Strasberg stated that ‘work for the actor lies in two areas: the ability to constantly create reality and the ability to express that reality’. When scripting Mike Leigh uses a period of improvisation therefore ‘Abigail’s Party’ is expected to be naturalistic. By breaking down different elements of the play it is easier to see exactly why the play can be called naturalistic. Although the characters are naturalistic sometimes they may be hard to believe. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent Abigails Party a naturalistic play specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent Abigails Party a naturalistic play specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent Abigails Party a naturalistic play specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The characters may appear exaggerated in that Angela is so nai ve and Beverly aspires to a higher class yet shallow. Nothing happens that is impossible. Some people may say that Beverly is unbelievable but everyone ‘acts’ when they are ‘playing’ the hostess. However, Beverly’s character is even more worrying because not only does she act around others but she also acts to herself. At the beginning of the play although she is alone she acts as if she is a hostess. As Ray Carney says she is validating herself to her self. (Ray Carney’s The Films of Mike Leigh: embracing the World). She has to do this to convince herself that she really is high class and a good hostess. At times Beverly appears to be just a collection of clichi s and a complete stereotype. However, a stereotype is simply someone that seems familiar or has been seen before many times but this does not make her any less believable. The characters are playing a social extension of themselves including aspects of their personality that the audience can relate to which is why they appear naturalistic. It can be assumed that each character in ‘Abigail’s Party’ is in fact playing a role at the party. Each of them is behaving as they feel they are expected to at such an occasion and this is different to their normal character. A glimpse of their normal characters is seen at the end when Lawrence collapses and Angela takes control and slips into her role of a nurse. It is hinted that Tony can be short tempered but he appears to be very quiet and takes no active part. He appears to be uncomfortable and contributes only the absolute minimum. His temper and his ability to take action are seen when he shouts at Beverly to turn the music down. Tony and Lawrence appear to be able to see through the characters everyone else is playing but cannot do anything about it because they are not united. They view each other as rivals. Beverly is actively flirting with Tony whilst Lawrence tries to establish himself as Tony’s superior. The audience can see how insignificant this small talk is and this provides the comic element. The setting of the play is another area that is naturalistic. The play takes place on the ground floor of a house in the suburbs of London on a spring evening in the 1970s. All of this information can be gathered from the set and conversation. Most of the characters are drinking gin and tonic, which had become a fashionable drink in the 70s. Cheap package holidays had become readily available and Majorca was a popular destination. Angela reveals that her house cost i 22,000 and this confirms that time period. Another clue that the play is set in the 1970s comes from the cars they talk about. Tony says he has an Escort, which was the popular everyday car of that time. Lawrence drives a Mini which a more stylish car in the 1970s. The final aspect, which distinguishes the play as being in the 70s, is the sexism. Whilst the characters are discussing cars Angela reveals that Tony will not let her drive. This is another detail that makes the makes the play naturalistic. The set and choice of music add to the atmosphere of 70s naturalism. Naturalism is also obvious in the staging. ‘Abigail’s Party’ was written to be performed on a proscenium arch stage, as it is most naturalistic. A proscenium arch stage allows the decoration of three walls and furnished as if it were a real house. This uses the theory of naturalism as developed by Kanstantin Stanislavski and the audience assumes there is a fourth wall. This is an impenetrable wall between the stage and audience. This means the audience merely observes the play and the actors are acting to each other and never to the audience. This creates a naturalistic play. The only aspect of staging that could be considered to be slightly false is the way all the furniture is placed for easy visibility through the ‘fourth wall’. However, in most houses the furniture in the living room is centred round the television so that if we assume that the television would separate the stage and audience then it becomes more naturalistic again. Even so all the acting takes place in a 180i arc whereas life would normally take place in 360i. However, as this is a play the actors cannot talk with their backs to the audience without speaking especially loud, which would detract from the naturalism. The structure of the play is also naturalistic. In Aristotle’s book ‘The Poetics’ he states that there are three unities that must be observed in order for a play to be believable. The first of these is that the play should take place in ‘Real Time’. This means that whatever time period is supposed to have taken place on the stage it must have actually elapsed. The second of these is that there should be only one location. The whole story should take place in the same place. This avoids any unbelievable moving of sets and therefore makes the play much more naturalistic. The third point is that that there should be only one story line. This not only means that there will be no scene changes but also the audience will not have to stretch their imagination to follow two or more story-lines. All of these points are supposed to make a play more believable and therefore more naturalistic. All of these points are observed in ‘Abigail’s Party’. The themes throughout ‘Abigail’s Party’ are mundane and everyday. They relate to most people’s personal experiences, which is why they are naturalistic. One theme is marriage and it can be seen how the relationship between Beverly and Lawrence is full of tension. They annoy each other all evening as Beverly’s attempt to be a competent, glamorous hostess is obviously irritating Lawrence. For example when Lawrence wants a sandwich or olives or to put on classical music Beverly always opposes him and actually calls him a ‘ boring little bugger’. Beverly also says that Lawrence is ‘very good with money. I mean if I want a new dress, make-up, have my hair done, whatever it is the money is there. But, apart from that it’s just boring†¦ ‘ This provides the audience with insight to their marriage and Beverly’s boredom. Susan’s problems with marriage are also discussed in the play. Through Angela’s lack of tact the audience becomes aware that the private character of Susan is divorced. The audience empathises with Susan and at the same time is embarrassed by Angela and this provides more comedy. Another theme that runs throughout the play is that of regret and dissatisfaction. Lawrence voices his regret of not learning to play a musical instrument and Beverly states how she is not satisfied with her marriage. Although Tony does not express his dissatisfaction himself, through his flirting with Beverly and Angela commenting he usually turns over, his dissatisfaction can be sensed. Angela also talks about the dissatisfaction she has in her relationship with Tony. She says he is ‘quick-tempered’ and says he is not sympathetic when she is feeling ill. Susan is similar to Tony because she does not voice her dissatisfaction but unlike Tony she does not have a partner to provide the clues. Her dissatisfaction is shown by her reluctance to discuss her private life. The final area where naturalism is present is the rare qualities that ‘Abigail’s Party’ possesses. There is no obvious plot in the play and this makes it more believable because everyday life does not have a dramatic or particularly entertaining plot. Even the climatic moment of Lawrence’s heart attack is followed by a mundane ending and this mirrors real life. . If it was not a naturalistic play the heart attack would be used to make a dramatic climax but it is more realistic as it is attempting to represent a view of real life. Overall it can be said that ‘Abigail’s Party’ is naturalistic. There is no plot and the entertainment comes from the observations of daily life. People cannot watch themselves when they are entertaining but if they could then it would possibly have the same cringing result. ‘Abigail’s Party’ captures the difference between people’s ‘entertaining’ selves and ‘normal’ selves perfectly. It focuses on how drama can occur in the most normal circumstances. The play may not be entirely and completely believable in places. Lawrence’s heart attack to Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony could be unbelievable but heart attacks are an everyday risk and can occur at any time. Angela had warned earlier in the play that people with heart problems are businessmen with highly stressful jobs. The fact he dies to Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony may seem corny but was his choice of music and he was extremely stressed. Also Tony may seem hard to believe because all he does is reply in monosyllables when spoken to but his wife is behaving foolishly and he really does not want to be there. This makes his antisocial attitudes less surprising. In general although some parts may initially seem unbelievable but considered within the scenario most of these aspects appear much more believable. Therefore ‘Abigail’s Party’ is a naturalistic play in virtually every aspect.